{"id":25208,"date":"2026-08-20T10:06:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T08:06:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/czelej.com.pl\/sklep\/practical-neurology-2-2026\/"},"modified":"2026-08-20T10:06:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T08:06:42","slug":"practical-neurology-2-2026","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/czelej.com.pl\/en\/sklep\/practical-neurology-2-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Practical Neurology 2\/2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Advanced Treatments for Parkinson&#8217;s Disease: What&#8217;s New? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Translation of the article:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Advanced Therapies for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: What\u2019s New?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Purpose of the review.  <\/strong>To provide a concise, clinically focused update on the latest developments in advanced treatments for Parkinson&#8217;s disease.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Latest findings. Subcutaneous <\/strong>infusion of foscarbidopa\/foslevodopa and apomorphine shortens the duration of the <em>\u201coff\u201d <\/em>phase <em>and <\/em>improves the duration of <em>the<\/em>\u201cgood <em>on\u201d<\/em>phase, although injection-site reactions pose a certain problem. Image-guided programming may reduce planning time while maintaining the same motor outcomes; whereas adaptive\/closed-loop deep brain stimulation using local field potential signals may reduce symptoms and improve quality of life with lower energy consumption. Remote programming accelerates clinical benefits and increases treatment accessibility. Verified targets for high-intensity focused ultrasound under magnetic resonance imaging guidance currently include the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, the internal segment of the globus pallidus, and, more recently, the globothalamic tract; and the subthalamic nucleus is currently being investigated. Each target site offers distinct benefits and has a different profile of adverse effects. Early studies using low-intensity, focused ultrasound guided by magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a safe, transient opening of the blood-brain barrier. The first-ever human transplants derived from dopaminergic stem cells have demonstrated the safety and functionality of the graft.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Summary.  <\/strong>The evolving therapeutic landscape for Parkinson\u2019s disease is changing thanks to innovations in existing treatments and novel approaches. Future priorities in this field include: standardizing biomarkers and developing protocols for adaptive deep brain stimulation, long-term assessment of outcomes from high-intensity focused ultrasound, and conducting rigorous controlled trials of low-intensity focused ultrasound and cell therapies designed to assess their potential to modify the course of the disease. <\/p>\n<p><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: infusions <\/strong>, deep brain stimulation, interventional magnetic resonance imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation, cell therapy<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: infusions <\/strong>, deep brain stimulation, interventional magnetic resonance imaging, high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation, cell therapy<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Brain&#8217;s Glial System: Structure, Regulation, Aging, and Mechanisms of Encephalopathy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Translation of the article:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The Cerebral Glymphatic System: Structure, Regulation, Aging, and Mechanisms of Encephalopathy<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The glymphatic system was initially considered a perivascular channel responsible for the removal of substances within the brain. As our understanding of the function of<em>the extracellular space <\/em>(ECS) deepened and the meningeal lymphatic vessels and the subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane were discovered, it was proposed that the glymphatic system be regarded as a complex system encompassing the perivascular space, the ECS, and lymphatic-like structures, playing important roles in the release of substances, the removal of metabolites, and neuroimmunological functions within the brain. Recent studies have shown that the brain\u2019s ECS fundamentally regulates these essential functions, including sleep, memory, and sensory processing. This review presents advances in research on the structural and functional roles of the glymphatic system in aging and brain diseases. Imaging techniques have facilitated a more nuanced understanding of the architecture of the glymphatic system, particularly the perivascular space. This compartmentalized system, characterized by separation by myelin sheaths, serves as a channel for the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (<em>interstitial fluid\u2014 <\/em>ISF) and plays a major role in regulating ISF flow within the deep regions of the brain. Furthermore, the following were discussed      <\/p>\n<p>pathophysiological consequences of excessive accumulation of formaldehyde (<em>FA <\/em>) in the aging brain. In particular, age-related FA can form cross-links with \u03b2-amyloid (<em>amyloid beta\u2014 <\/em>A\u03b2), tau protein, \u03b1-synuclein, hemoglobin, and the extracellular matrix in the ECS and\/or hyaloplasm, leading to impaired ISF-PMR exchange and the onset of encephalopathies such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease, as well as multiple sclerosis, gliomas, and sleep disorders. Therefore, the glymphatic system, which includes the ECS, may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of brain diseases.  <\/p>\n<p><strong><em> <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>Alzheimer&#8217;s <strong>disease <\/strong>, AQP4, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular space, formaldehyde, glymphatic system, interstitial fluid, lymphatic vessels<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: Alzheimer\u2019s <\/strong>disease, AQP4, cerebrospinal fluid, extracellular space, formaldehyde, glymphatic system, interstitial fluid, lymphatic vessels<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Clinical, Radiological, and Immunological Features of GFAP Astrocytopathy: A Systematic Review with a Local Comparison<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Translation of the article:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Clinical, Imaging, and Immunological Features of GFAP Astrocytopathy: A Systematic Review with Regional Comparison<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective. The objective <\/strong>of this systematic review was to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of astrocytopathy associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (<em>glial fibrillary acidic protein\u2014 <\/em>GFAP), with a particular focus on differences between Asian and non-Asian populations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methods.  <\/strong>PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to June 2025 to identify case reports, case series, and observational studies of adult patients with GFAP astrocytopathy. Fifteen studies, including a total of 538 patients, were included in the analysis. Data on clinical presentation, magnetic <em>resonance<\/em> <em>imaging<\/em> (MRI) findings, and laboratory tests were collected and compared across regions.   <\/p>\n<p><strong>Results.  <\/strong>A total of 2,272 publications were identified, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria for the final analysis, involving 538 patients. The analysis revealed three main phenotypes: meningitis and encephalitis (164\/371; 44.2%), meningitis, encephalitis, and myelitis (94\/371; 25.3%), and myelitis (26\/371; 7.0%). The most common clinical symptoms were headache (186\/470; 39.6%), involuntary movements (160\/473; 33.8%), fever (172\/538; 32.0%), and psychiatric symptoms (111\/471; 23.6%). On MRI, lesions were most commonly observed in the periventricular (85\/434; 19.6%) and subcortical (80\/432; 18.5%). The most common radiological features were perivascular and meningeal contrast enhancement. Laboratory tests revealed the presence of antibodies against GFAP in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The co-occurrence of other antibodies in the CSF and serum was also observed, particularly anti-AQP4, anti-MOG, and anti-NMDAR antibodies.      <\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions.  <\/strong>GFAP astrocytopathy is characterized by a wide range of clinical and radiological manifestations. It most commonly presents as meningitis and encephalitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and myelitis, or myelitis; however, the most commonly observed clinical presentation was meningitis and encephalitis. The most commonly reported symptoms include headache, fever, abnormal movements, and psychiatric symptoms. The disease presents with a varied neurological and radiological picture. Regional differences suggest that genetic factors, diagnostic procedures, and cultural factors may influence the symptom profile. These findings underscore the need to develop standardized diagnostic criteria and conduct further research     <\/p>\n<p>in diverse populations.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong>systematic <strong>review <\/strong>, GFAP, meningitis and encephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis, clinical presentation, laboratory tests, radiological features<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: systematic <\/strong>review, GFAP, meningoencephalitis, autoimmune encephalitis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, imaging features<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cooccurrence of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy\u2014A Literature Review and Case Report<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Co-occurrence of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy \u2013 a literature review and case report<\/p>\n<p>Daria Komissarova, Anna Pietrzak, \u0141ukasz Rzepi\u0144ski<\/p>\n<p><em> <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sensory-motor polyneuropathies of a demyelinating nature constitute a heterogeneous and clinically diverse group of diseases of the peripheral nervous system. They may have a genetic, deficiency, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, autoimmune, or complex etiology (coexistence of several different causes). The progression of neurological deficits may be acute, subacute, or chronic, and symptoms may be multifocal or generalized, symmetrical, and diffuse. Many of these conditions respond well to causal treatment, which allows for a significant reduction in symptom severity and a limitation of disability. For this reason, thorough clinical analysis and electrophysiological testing play a crucial role in the diagnosis of demyelinating neuropathies, as they enable a precise assessment of the extent and nature of nerve damage, as well as the appropriate direction of further therapeutic management, which in clinical practice significantly impacts patients\u2019 functioning, prognosis, and overall quality of life. An example of a hereditary sensory-motor neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), which belongs to a broad and diverse group of genetically determined polyneuropathies and is the most common form of hereditary neuropathy. CMT      <\/p>\n<p>It should be distinguished from other conditions characterized by predominant weakness<\/p>\n<p>distal muscle groups of the limbs, muscle atrophy, foot deformities, and progressive<\/p>\n<p>course of the disease. From a clinical standpoint, differential diagnosis aimed at distinguishing acquired immune polyneuropathies from genetically determined ones is of utmost importance. The diversity of pathogenic mutations, phenotypic variability, and the possibility of concurrent occurrence of both etiologies mean that the diagnosis and treatment of motor-sensory polyneuropathies remain a difficult challenge in everyday clinical practice.  <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sensory-motor demyelinating polyneuropathies constitute a heterogeneous and clinically diverse group of disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Their etiology may include genetic factors, acquired deficiency-related processes, inflammatory, metabolic, toxic, or autoimmune mechanisms, or be complex (resulting from the coexistence of several different causes). The progression of neurological deficits may occur suddenly (acute onset), subacutely, or chronically, and the symptoms may be limited to specific areas (multifocal) or generalized, symmetric, and widespread. Many of these conditions respond well to causal treatment, which allows for a significant reduction in symptom severity and the prevention of disability. For this reason, thorough clinical assessment and electrophysiological studies play a key role in the diagnosis of demyelinating neuropathies, enabling precise evaluation of the extent and nature of nerve damage as well as appropriate guidance for further therapeutic management, which in clinical practice significantly affects patients\u2019 functioning, prognosis, and overall quality of life. An example of a hereditary sensory-motor neuropathy is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), which is classified within a broad and diverse group of genetically determined neuropathies of the peripheral nerves and represents the most common form of hereditary neuropathy. Although CMT is the most prevalent hereditary neuropathy, it is only one of many forms within this complex and heterogeneous spectrum of disorders. CMT should be distinguished from other diseases characterized by predominant weakness of distal muscle groups in the limbs, muscle atrophy, foot deformities, and a progressive clinical course. From a clinical standpoint, differential diagnosis is crucial and focuses on distinguishing acquired immune-mediated polyneuropathies from genetically determined demyelinating forms of CMT. The diversity of pathogenic genetic mutations, phenotypic variability, and the possibility of coexistence of both etiologies make the diagnosis and management of sensory-motor polyneuropathies a significant challenge in everyday clinical practice.         <\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: CMT1A <\/strong>, PMP22, hereditary neuropathy, demyelinating polyneuropathy<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords: CMT1A <\/strong>, PMP22, hereditary neuropathy, demyelinating polyneuropathy<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h3>In this issue:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Young Neurologist&#8217;s Publication <\/strong><strong>Neurologist <\/strong> <\/li>\n<li><strong>Article with comments<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":25209,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false},"product_authors":[],"product_cat":[1085,1093],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-25208","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-journals","7":"product_cat-practical-neurology","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"taxable","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.4 - 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